Our Research

Mapping Generative AI Regulation in Finance and Bridging Regulatory Gaps

Published Date: 14/11/2024

Remolina, Nydia, Mapping Generative AI Regulation in Finance and Bridging Regulatory Gaps (September 30, 2024). Journal of Financial Transformation, Forthcoming, Singapore Management University School of Law Research Paper 38/2024, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4973307 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4973307 

Generative AI in Finance: Risks and Potential Solutions

Published Date: 09/11/2024

Remolina, Nydia, Generative AI in Finance: Risks and Potential Solutions (November 9, 2023). Singapore Management University School of Law Research Paper Forthcoming, SMU Centre for AI & Data Governance Research Paper Forthcoming, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4628235 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4628235 

The Treatment of Digital Assets in Insolvency

Published Date: 25/08/2024

Remolina, Nydia and Gurrea-Martínez, Aurelio and Liu, Daniel, The Treatment of Digital Assets in Insolvency (August 04, 2024). Oxford Handbook of Digital Assets and the Law (Forthcoming, Oxford University Press, Jason G. Allen, Simon Gleeson, and Peter Hunn eds)  , Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4915592 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4915592

AI at the Bench: Legal and Ethical Challenges of Informing - or Misinforming - Judicial Decision-Making Through Generative AI

Published Date: 16/06/2024

Remolina, Nydia and Socol de la Osa, David, AI at the Bench: Legal and Ethical Challenges of Informing - or Misinforming - Judicial Decision-Making Through Generative AI (June 11, 2024). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4860853 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4860853

The spread of synthetic media on X

Published Date: 02/06/2024

Corsi, G., Marino, B., & Wong, W. (2024). The spread of synthetic media on X. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-140

The transatlantic divide: intermediary liability, free expression, and the limits of trade harmonization

Published Date: 12/03/2024

Han-Wei Liu, The transatlantic divide: intermediary liability, free expression, and the limits of trade harmonization, International Journal of Law and Information Technology, Volume 31, Issue 4, Winter 2023, Pages 376–398, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaae004

IPOS-CAIDG AI and IP Report: When Code Creates: A Landscape Report on Issues at the Intersection of Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property Law

Published Date: 27/02/2024

Auditing AI for Whom? A Community-Centric Approach to Rebuilding Public Trust in Singapore

Published Date: 23/01/2024

Zhang, Wenxi and Shanmugam, Sharanya and Allen, Jason G and Wong, Willow and Xu, Olivia, Auditing AI for Whom? A Community-Centric Approach to Rebuilding Public Trust in Singapore (December 27, 2023). SMU Centre for AI & Data Governance Research Paper No. 01/2024, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4698703 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4698703

Deontics and Time in Contracts: An Executable Semantics for the L4 DSL

Published Date: 19/01/2024

Author(s): Seng Joe WATT, Singapore Management University, Oliver GOODENOUGH, Meng Weng (HUANG Mingrong) WONG, Singapore Management University

Existing approaches to modelling contracts often rely on deontic logic to reason about norms, and only treat time qualitatively. Using L4, a textual domain specific language (DSL) for the law, we offer a more operational interpretation of norms, based on states and transitions, that also accounts for the granular timing of events. In this paper, we present a higher-level rendering of the loan agreement from Flood & Goodenough in L4, and an accompanying operational semantics amenable to execution and static analysis. We also implement this semantics in Maude and show how this lets us visualize the execution of the loan agreement.

WATT, Seng Joe; GOODENOUGH, Oliver; and WONG, Meng Weng (HUANG Mingrong). Deontics and time in contracts: An executable semantics for the L4 DSL. (2023). Legal Knowledge and Information Systems: Proceedings of JURIX 2023. 379, 119-124.

Defeasible Semantics for L4

Published Date: 28/02/2023

Author(s): Guido GOVERNATORI, Meng Weng (HUANG Mingrong) WONG, Singapore Management University

The importance of defeasibility for legal reasoning has been investigated for a long time (see among other [10, 3, 11]). This notion mostly concerns the issue that textual provisions of (legal) norms typically provide prima facie conditions for their applicability, but to understand a norm in full, we have to evaluate the norms in the context in which the norm is used and to see if other norms prevent it either to apply or to be effective. In other words, when evaluating norms, we must account for possible (prima facie) conflicts and exceptions. Indeed, in general, norms first provide the basic conditions for their applicability. Then, they give the exceptions and exclusions (and they can go on, with exceptions/exclusions of the exceptions/exclusions and so on).

The first issue to address to model legal reasoning is how to model norms. Here, we follow the approach of [12, 4] and stipulate that a norm is represented by an “IF · · · THEN . . .” rule, where the IF part establishes the conditions of applicability of the norm and the THEN part specifies the legal effect of the norm. Where the legal effect of the norm is either that a proposition is taken to hold legally or that a legal requirement (obligation, prohibition, permission) is in force. Moreover, as we have alluded to, the norms are defeasible; thus, the IF/THEN conditional used to model legal norms does not correspond to the material implication of classical logic, and it has a non-monotonic nature. Several approaches have been proposed to reduce or compile the normative IF/THEN conditional. However, in general, as discussed by [13, 8], they suffer from some limitations; for example, the translation to classical propositional logic requires complete knowledge (for any atomic proposition, we have to determine whether it is true or not), it is not resilient to contradictions, and changes to the norms might require a complete rewriting of the translation.

In this work, we are going to examine how to provide an effective and constructive non-monotonic interpretation of (a restricted version of) L4 based on Answer Set Programming (ASP) meta-program. The meta-program gives the semantics of the underlying L4 constructs as well as a computational framework for them.

GOVERNATORI, Guido and WONG, Meng Weng (HUANG Mingrong). Defeasible semantics for L4. (2023). POPL ProLaLa 2023.

Depending on AI

Published Date: 09/01/2023

Findlay, Mark James, Depending on AI (January 10, 2023). SMU Centre for AI & Data Governance Research Paper No. 1/2023, Singapore Management University School of Law Research Paper , Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4321460 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4321460

Traffic Rule Formalization for Autonomous Vehicle

Published Date: 05/01/2023

Author(s): Hanif Bhuiyan, Guido Governatori, Andry Rakotonirainy, Meng Weng Wong, Singapore Management University, and Avishkar Mahajan

This study devised and implemented a Defeasible Deontic Logic (DDL)-based formalization approach for translating traffic rules into a machine-computable (M/C) format and thus solving rule issues: rule vagueness (open tex-ture expressions) and exceptions in rules. The resulting M/C format of traffic rules can be utilized for automatic traffic rule reasoning to assist the Autonomous Vehicle (AV) in making legal decisions. The method incorporates the compo-nents and behaviour of regulations based on the rule's obligation, prohibition, and permission activities.

The need for the encoding methodology is motivated by the desire for auto-mated reasoning over Autonomous Vehicle information involving traffic rules. A Queensland (QLD) overtaking traffic rule is used as a use case to illustrate this proposed encoding methodology’s mechanism and usefulness.

BHUIYAN, Hanif; GOVERNATORI, Guido; RAKOTONIRAINY, Andry; WONG, Meng Weng; and MAHAJAN, Avishkar. Traffic rule formalization for autonomous vehicle. (2022). LN2FR 2022: Workshop on Methodologies for Translating Legal Norms into Formal Representations in conjunction with JURIX 2022, the 35th International Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, Saarbrücken, Germany December 14. 1-14.

Driving-Decision Making of Autonomous Vehicle according to Queensland Overtaking Traffic Rules

Published Date: 05/01/2023

Author(s): Hanif BHUIYAN, Guido GOVERNATORI, Avishkar MAHAJAN, Andry RAKOTONIRAINY, Meng Weng (HUANG Mingrong) WONG, Singapore Management University

Making a driving decision according to traffic rules is a challenging task for improving the safety of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). Traffic rules often contain open texture expressions and exceptions, which makes it hard for AVs to follow them. This paper introduces a Defeasible Deontic Logic (DDL) based driving decision-making methodology for AVs. We use DDL to formalize traffic rules and facilitate automated reasoning. DDL is used to effectively handle rule exceptions and resolve open texture expressions in rules. Furthermore, we supplement the information provided by the traffic rules by an ontology for AV driving behaviour and environment information. This methodology performs auto-mated reasoning on formalized traffic rules and ontology-based AV driving information to make the driving decision by following the traffic rule. The over-taking traffic rule is our case study to illustrate the usefulness of our methodology. The case study evaluation showed the effectiveness of this proposed driving decision-making methodology.

BHUIYAN, Hanif; GOVERNATORI, Guido; MAHAJAN, Avishkar; RAKOTONIRAINY, Andry; and WONG, Meng Weng (HUANG Mingrong). Driving-decision making of autonomous vehicle according to Queensland overtaking traffic rules. (2022). International Workshop on AI Compliance Mechanism WAICOM 2022.

AI employment decision‑making: integrating the equal opportunity merit principle and explainable AI

Published Date: 05/01/2023

Chan, G.K.Y. AI employment decision-making: integrating the equal opportunity merit principle and explainable AI. AI & Soc (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01532-w

Compliance through Model Checking

Published Date: 30/11/2022

Author(s): Avishkar MAHAJAN, STRECKER Martin, Seng Joe WATT, Meng Weng (HUANG Mingrong) WONG, Singapore Management University

In this short note, we describe part of a case study about Singapore’s Personal Data Protection Act, which we first presented informally, then formally as interacting Timed Automata. From these, we derive desiderata on a language and verification framework for reasoning about compliance.

MAHAJAN, Avishkar; STRECKER Martin; WATT, Seng Joe; and WONG, Meng Weng (HUANG Mingrong). Compliance through model checking. (2022). International Workshop on AI Compliance Mechanism WAICOM 2022.

ABLI-SAL Cryptoasset Series – Cryptoassets and Property Law (Singapore edition)

Published Date: 31/10/2022

Conversations at the Intellectual Property and Artificial Intelligence Interface: Understanding the Needs of Singapore’s Innovation Community

Published Date: 30/08/2022

Mark Findlay, Ariffin Kawaja, Ong Li Min, Sharanya Shanmugam

Kampung Ethics

Published Date: 10/08/2022

Mark Findlay and Willow Wong

Cryptoassets in Private Law: Emerging Trends and Open Questions from the First 10 Years

Published Date: 31/07/2022

Jason G Allen, Henry Wells, Marco Mauer

Towards a data-driven financial system: The impact of covid-19

Published Date: 30/06/2022

Nydia Remolina Leon

Driving Digital Self Determination

Published Date: 30/06/2022

Mark Findlay

Blockchain Land Transfers: Technology, Promises, and Perils

Published Date: 28/06/2022

Vincent Ooi, Soh Kian Peng, Jerrold Soh, Blockchain land transfers: Technology, promises, and perils, Computer Law & Security Review, Volume 45, 2022, 105672, ISSN 0267-3649, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105672.

Regulatory Insights on Artificial Intelligence: Research For Policy

Published Date: 09/06/2022

Mark Findlay and Jolyon Ford

Regulating Personal Data Usage in Covid-19 Control Conditions

Published Date: 09/06/2022

Mark Findlay and Nydia Remolina